Macaque

Cortisol and catecholamine concentrations are affected by repeated relocations of adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)

In captive primate facilities, relocations—moves, within the facility, from one cage to another—can be common events. On the one hand, relocations are generally regarded as relatively benign events, as past studies have generally shown only transient elevations in cortisol concentrations...

Year Published: 2025Topics: Relocation & TransportAnimal Type: Macaque, Nonhuman Primate

Citation: Capitanio, J. P., Tancredi, D. J., Zarrabi, J. et al. 2025. Cortisol and catecholamine concentrations are affected by repeated relocations of adult female rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). American Journal of Primatology 87(6), e70050.

Establishing a predictable cue for catches to reduce reactivity to management events for captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Psychological duress can emerge from the perceived lack of predictability such that, in captive circumstances, reliable signals for aversive events can afford animals with the opportunity to behaviorally and physiologically prepare. Does a reliable and unique signal cue for an...

Year Published: 2025Topics: Handling, Husbandry & ManagementAnimal Type: Macaque, Nonhuman Primate

Citation: Pritchard, A. J., Blersch, R. A., Nathman, A. C. et al. 2025. Establishing a predictable cue for catches to reduce reactivity to management events for captive rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 285, 106578.

Evaluating outcomes of diazepam administration in gradual steps introductions of adult male and female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta)

Social housing remains one of the best forms of environmental enhancement for nonhuman primates (NHPs). The gradual steps (GS) method, a 2-step plan involving an initial phase of limited physical contact (protected contact [PC]) prior to full contact (FC), is...

Year Published: 2025Topics: Social Housing & CompanionshipAnimal Type: Macaque, Nonhuman Primate

Citation: Myers, A. K., Baker, K. C., Kubisch, M. J. et al. 2025. Evaluating outcomes of diazepam administration in gradual steps introductions of adult male and female rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 64(1), 146–154.

Advancing non-human primate welfare: An automated facial recognition system for unrestrained cynomolgus monkeys (2025)

Cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) are vital in biomedical research, particularly for drug development and studying neurological diseases. However, accurately identifying individuals in group housing environments remains a significant challenge. This paper presents a near real-time facial recognition system tailored for...

Year Published: 2025Topics: Identification MethodAnimal Type: Macaque, Nonhuman Primate

Citation: Numata, Y., Sumali, B., Hayashida, K. et al. 2025. Advancing non-human primate welfare: An automated facial recognition system for unrestrained cynomolgus monkeys. PLOS ONE 20(4), e0319897.

Social enrichment to reduce pacing in a solitary housed male lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus (2025)

Environmental enrichment is frequently used to improve the captive environment, aiming to enhance the quality of captive animal care. Social enrichment is considered to be the most effective form of enrichment for captive primates, particularly in the reduction of abnormal...

Year Published: 2025Topics: Social Housing & CompanionshipAnimal Type: Macaque, Nonhuman Primate

Citation: Newman, R., Quirke, T., McKeown, S. et al. 2025. Social enrichment to reduce pacing in a solitary housed male lion-tailed macaque Macaca silenus. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research 13(1), 52–55.

A metric-based, meta-analytic appraisal of environmental enrichment efficacy in captive primates (2025)

Non-human primates (hereafter ‘primates') constitute a common group of animals in captivity but their captive maintenance involves ethical and husbandry issues, many of which can be addressed through environmental enrichment (hereafter ‘enrichment'). Enrichment is often applied in a trial-and-error fashion...

Year Published: 2025Topics: Environmental Enrichment, Social Housing & CompanionshipAnimal Type: Baboon, Capuchin, Chimpanzee, Gibbon, Lemur, Macaque, Marmoset, Nonhuman Primate, Other Nonhuman Primate, Owl Monkey, Squirrel Monkey, Vervet (African Green Monkey)

Citation: Duncan, L. M., Pillay, N. 2025. A metric-based, meta-analytic appraisal of environmental enrichment efficacy in captive primates. Animals 15(6), 799.

Home-cage training for non-human primates: an opportunity to reduce stress and study natural behavior in neurophysiology experiments (2025)

Research involving non-human primates remains a cornerstone in fields such as biomedical research and systems neuroscience. However, the daily routines of laboratory work can induce stress in these animals, potentially compromising their well-being and the reliability of experimental outcomes. To...

Year Published: 2025Topics: Animal TrainingAnimal Type: Baboon, Capuchin, Chimpanzee, Gibbon, Lemur, Macaque, Marmoset, Nonhuman Primate, Other Nonhuman Primate, Owl Monkey, Squirrel Monkey, Vervet (African Green Monkey)

Citation: Ceccarelli, F., Londei, F., Arena, G. et al. 2025. Home-Cage Training for Non-Human Primates: An Opportunity to Reduce Stress and Study Natural Behavior in Neurophysiology Experiments. Animals 15(9), 1340.

A systematic review of the effects of musical enrichment on captive mammals (2025)

Forty two studies examining physiological, behavioural and cognitive mammalian responses to music were identified, with 38.1% of those studies focusing on primates. The studies identified included 23 mammalian species across six animal orders (Artiodactyla, Carnivora, Perissodactyla, Primates, Proboscidea and Rodentia)....

Year Published: 2025Topics: Environmental EnrichmentAnimal Type: Baboon, Capuchin, Cat, Chimpanzee, Chinchilla, Dog, Gerbil, Gibbon, Guinea Pig, Hamster, Lemur, Macaque, Marmoset, Mole Rat, Mouse, Nonhuman Primate, Other Nonhuman Primate, Other Rodent, Owl Monkey, Rat, Rodent, Squirrel Monkey, Vervet (African Green Monkey)

Citation: Alkalaj, M. 2025. A systematic review of the effects of musical enrichment on captive mammals. Canopy 25(2).

Update on current hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptive options in non-human primates

Reproductive success in captive non-human primates (NHPs) has increased the demand for safe, effective, and reversible population control methods. This review provides an overview of the current literature on hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptives as reproductive control methods in NHPs. Where...

Year Published: 2024Topics: ReproductionAnimal Type: Baboon, Capuchin, Lemur, Macaque, Marmoset, Nonhuman Primate, Other Nonhuman Primate, Owl Monkey, Squirrel Monkey, Vervet (African Green Monkey)

Citation: Nederlof, R. A., Bruins-van Sonsbeek, L. G. R., Stumpel, J. B. G. et al. 2024. Update on current hormonal and non-hormonal contraceptive options in non-human primates. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens 5(4), 606–629.

Evaluating enrichment use in group-housed rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): A machine learning approach

Environmental enrichment programmes are widely used to improve welfare of captive and laboratory animals, especially non-human primates. Monitoring enrichment use over time is crucial, as animals may habituate and reduce their interaction with it. In this study we aimed to...

Year Published: 2024Topics: Environmental EnrichmentAnimal Type: Macaque, Nonhuman Primate

Citation: Ciminelli, G., Witham, C., Bateson, M. 2024. Evaluating enrichment use in group-housed rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): A machine learning approach. Animal Welfare 33, e59.