The three Rs: past, present and future (2005)

Russell, W. M. S.

Abstract

The crucial function on which the need for reduction turns is this: the greater the variation between the members of an animal population in the response being studied or tested, the more animals are needed to comprise a representative sample of the population. [p 282] We have originally envisaged refinement as minimising pain and distress, and ... discomfort. It is now clear that we must aim positively at optimal well-being. [p. 283]