Social housing and pregnancy outcome in captive pigtailed macaques (1999)

Ha, J. C., Robinette, R. L., Sackett, G. P.

Abstract

A greater number of moves decreased the probability of a viable birth and increased gestation length and the need for clinical treatment of the dam, while increased group size decreased gestation length. Increased moves and group size may increase stress by continuously shuffling social relationships, keeping females from establishing social hierarchies, and reducing group stability. Low group stability may increase aggression by making females more likely to attack other females without knowing the opponent's social position or physical abilities.