Reducing the invasiveness of obtaining blood-borne measures in animals (2004)

Cook, C., Thomas, D.

Abstract

A common confounding problem is that the experimental techniques may themselves elicit stress responses in the animal. A technique [electrosonophoresis] is described and tested in humans and sheep allowing measurement of alalytes such as certain hormones, immunoglobulins by creating a brief transdermal flux from underlying blood vessels into extracellular fluid and to the skin without causing skin damage.