Positive reinforcement training improves behaviour and welfare of captive Indian leopards (Panthera pardus fusca) (2025)

Mane, A. M., Deshmukh, A., Gupta, B. K.

Abstract

Rescued animals, including leopards, often experience stress from routine husbandry practices such as feeding, movement, and regrouping. Positive Reinforcement Training (PRT) has emerged as a valuable tool for reducing stress and enhancing the welfare of captive animals. This study investigated behavioral changes in rescued leopards during structured PRT. Using continuous focal animal sampling, data on individual and social behaviors were collected during five-minute sessions conducted three times weekly over a period of 12–16 weeks. Twelve leopards were observed across five phases: Baseline, Pre-Training, During Training, Post-Training, and Trained. Statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test revealed significant behavioral changes across phases. Leopards required an average of 2.1 sessions (SD ± 4.43 days, N = 29 observations) to retrieve rewards consistently. Structured training led to significant reductions in undesirable behaviors, including aggression (H(2) = 27.32, p < 0.0001) and stereotypical pacing (H(2) = 88.32, p < 0.0001), while engagement behaviors such as locomotion and exploration increased. Affiliative interactions with caregivers also rose, indicating stronger bonds. A decline in out-of-sight behavior showed improved focus, while increased alertness and maintenance behaviors suggested enhanced cognitive flexibility. Overall, PRT fosters positive behavioral changes, improves emotional well-being, and strengthens human-animal bonds.