Paired versus single housing of ferrets (Mustela putorius furo) does not influence experimental outcomes of influenza a virus pathogenesis studies (2026)

Belser, J. A., Kieran, T. J., Truelove, M. A. et al.

Abstract

Social housing of animals is well recognized as a fundamental element in providing for the well-being of social animals during laboratory research activities but is contraindicated in some experimental designs. To ascertain if social housing represented a potential confounder in studies determining influenza A virus (IAV) pathogenicity conducted in the ferret model, we analyzed data from ferrets inoculated with 56 distinct IAV strains, where animals were housed either singly or in pairs postinoculation. Parameters examined included frequency of lethal outcomes, timing and magnitude of clinical signs (weight loss and fever), and magnitude and kinetics of viral shedding in the upper respiratory tract. Statistical differences between IAV-inoculated ferrets housed in either setting were not consistently detected among any parameters examined, supporting that data from ferrets inoculated with a diverse range of avian- and mammalian-origin IAV housed singly or in social pairs may be combined and analyzed without confounding based on this variable. This study supports the utility of performing retrospective analyses to ensure results obtained from in vivo experimentation are interpreted to the highest standard possible. Further, it aligns with ethical obligations of researchers who perform in vivo experimentation to ensure these studies are designed to meet both animal welfare considerations and research goals.