Oral behaviors of beef steers in pen and pasture environments (2007)

Ishiwata, T., Uetake, K., Kilgour, R. J. et al.

Abstract

Steers in a pen environment under a restricted feeding period might compensate for a lower amount of time spent feeding by performing nonnutritive oral behaviors (self-grooming, allogrooming, licking objects, and tongue rolling). However, the level of nonnutritive oral behaviors was enough to compensate for the lack of feeding behaviors.