Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) husbandry and their welfare (2025)

Pilarczyk, R., Bąkowska, M., Pilarczyk, B. et al.

Abstract

A key diagnostic tool in breeding practice is systematic observation: by identifying abnormalities in natural behaviour, it can highlight early signs of reduced welfare or physical and mental health issues in livestock and other animals. The aim of this paper is to review current literature to provide a detailed analysis of the factors affecting the physical and mental health of alpacas (Vicugna pacos) with regard to their husbandry method. It analyses various behavioural patterns such as stress reactions to strangers, isolation and grooming, as well as social interactions (hierarchy, bonding, affiliative and aggressive behaviour), reproductive activity (courtship, copulation, partner rejection), and resting and foraging rhythms. It also discusses the influence of socialisation on human–animal relationships and the role of the environment, and its enrichment, in proper behavioural functioning. It also examines the significant role played by nutrition and the environment in ensuring alpaca welfare, and how it can be maintained during grooming and training. It pays special attention to the use of behavioural tests to assess the level of trust and tameness in alpacas. Systematic behaviour observation allows a quick response to deteriorating welfare, thus facilitating more efficient herd management and reducing the risk of more serious health and behavioural problems.