Abnormal behavior in singly-housed Macaca mulatta: Prevalence and potential risk factors (2000)

Lutz, C. K., Chase, W. K., Novak, M. A.

Abstract

Behavioral assessments of individually-housed animals indicate that 321 of 362 animals exhibited at least one abnormal behavior (median:2, range 1-8). The most common behavior was pacing. Males showed more abnormal behavior than females. Older animals exhibited more eye poking, hair pulling and self-biting while younger animals exhibited more body flipping and swinging. Housing and protocol conditions such as .. . years in individual housing, number of moves, and number of blood draws were shown to be risk factors for abnormal behavior.