All/General

A guide to setting up an enrichment program

General recommendations for the development and implementation of an enrichment program in the zoo setting.

Year Published: 1997Topics: Environmental EnrichmentAnimal Type: All/General

Citation: Koscielny, L., Studer, M. 1997. A guide to setting up an enrichment program. American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) Regional Conference Proceedings, 526-529.

Free food or earned food? A review and fuzzy model of contrafreeloading

Unless they are quite hungry, animals of many species prefer to work for food rather than eat freely available food, a phenomenon known as contrafreeloading. "Animals will work (e.g. lever press) for `earned' food even though identical `free' food can...

Year Published: 1997Animal Type: All/General

Citation: Inglis, I. R., Forkmann, B., Lazarus, J. 1997. Free food or earned food? A review and fuzzy model of contrafreeloading. Animal Behaviour 53, 1171-1191.

Happy animals make good science

There is a growing body of evidence from a wide variety of sources to show that animals whose well-being is compromised are often physiologically and immunologically abnormal and that experiments using them may reach unreliable conclusions. On scientific, as well...

Year Published: 1997Animal Type: All/General

Citation: Poole, T. B. 1997. Happy animals make good science. Laboratory Animals 31, 116-124.

Animal Welfare (2nd ed): Social Conditions

Discussion of animal welfare implications of animate enrichment.

Year Published: 1997Topics: Social Housing & CompanionshipAnimal Type: All/General

Citation: Mendl, M. , Newberry, R. C. 1997. Social conditions. In: Animal Welfare (2nd ed). Appleby, M. C. , Hughes, B. O. (eds), 191-203. CAB International, New York, NY.

Animal use in research, 1973-1995

Statistics of regulated animals in research.

Year Published: 1997Animal Type: All/General

Citation: Shalev, M. 1997. Animal use in research, 1973-1995. Lab Animal 26(1), 14-16.

Control and complexity in novel object enrichment

We discuss the properties of controllability and complexity in novel object enrichment, their definition and present a critique of previous work related to them.

Year Published: 1997Topics: Environmental Enrichment, Social Housing & CompanionshipAnimal Type: All/General

Citation: Sambrook, T. D., Buchanan-Smith, H. M. 1997. Control and complexity in novel object enrichment. Animal Welfare 6(3), 207-216.

Shooting the clock: Timeless lessons of the past still guide today’s refinement initiatives

Scientifically, we must ensure the validity of research results and a stressed animal is not a proper specimen for science. .. Whenever replacement is not yet possible, refinement (generally accompanied by reduction) is essential for both science and animal welfare.

Year Published: 1997Animal Type: All/General

Citation: Russell, W. M. S. 1997. Shooting the clock: Timeless lessons of the past still guide today's refinement initiatives. Science and Animal Care [WARDS Newsletter] 8(3), 1-2.

Physiological and endocrine effects of social contact

Nonnoxious sensory stimulation associated with friendly social interaction induces a psychophysiological response pattern involving sedation, relaxation, decreased sympathoadrenal activity, and increased vagal nerve tone and thereby an endocrine and metabolic pattern favoring the storage of nutrients and growth. It is...

Year Published: 1997Animal Type: All/General

Citation: Uvnas-Moberg, K. 1997. Physiological and endocrine effects of social contact. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 807, 146-163.

Reporting animal use in scientific papers

Year Published: 1997Animal Type: All/General

Citation: Smith, J. A., Birke, L., Sadler, D. 1997. Reporting animal use in scientific papers. Laboratory Animals 31, 312-317.

Understanding the relationship between environment and reproduction in captive animals: The role of environmental enrichment

A general discussion of the relationship between environmental enrichment and reproduction.

Year Published: 1997Topics: Environmental Enrichment, ReproductionAnimal Type: All/General

Citation: Shepherdson, D. , Carlstead, K. 1997. Understanding the relationship between environment and reproduction in captive animals: The role of environmental enrichment. In: Proceedings on the International Conference on Environmental Enrichment. Holst, B. (ed), 218-230. Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, DK.