All/General

The benefits of giving experimental animals the best possible environment

The lesson to be learned from all this is unmistakable: If we use ethological sophistication to provide laboratory animals with the very best physical and social environment conditions for their well-being, we need to use fewer of them in research...

Year Published: 1997Animal Type: All/General

Citation: Chance, M. R. A. , Russell, W. M. S. 1997. The benefits of giving experimental animals the best possible environment. In: Comfortable Quarters for Laboratory Animals, Eighth Edition. Reinhardt, V. (ed), 12-14. Animal Welfare Institute, Washington, DC.

Transgenic Animals

The creation of transgenic animals is resulting in a shift from the use of higher order species to lower order species, and is also affecting the numbers of animals used. An example of the replacement of higher species by lower...

Year Published: 1997Animal Type: All/General, Mouse, Rodent

Citation: Canadian Council on Animal Care [CCAC] 1997. Transgenic Animals. web site From CCAC Resource Supplement, Spring/Summer 1997.

A dynamic approach to the study of environmental enrichment and animal welfare

Year Published: 1997Topics: Environmental EnrichmentAnimal Type: All/General

Citation: Newberry, R. C., Estevez, I. 1997. A dynamic approach to the study of environmental enrichment and animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 54, 53-57.

Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes 6th Edition

Pens, cages and containers should be constructed and maintained to ensure the comfort and well-being of the animals. The following factors should be taken into account:- species-specific behavioural requirements, including the availability and design of space to enable free movement...

Year Published: 1997Animal Type: All/General

Citation: National Health and Medical Research Council 1997. Australian Code of Practice for the Care and Use of Animals for Scientific Purposes 6th Edition. Australian Government Publishing Service, Canberra, Australia.

U.S. and European guidelines more alike than different: a side-by-side comparison

U.S. and European guidelines more alike than different: a side-by-side comparison.

Year Published: 1997Animal Type: All/General

Citation: Mulder, J. 1997. U.S. and European guidelines more alike than different: a side-by-side comparison. Connection(August), 1-3.

Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to brief social separation

Involuntary separation from close social companions is widely held to lead to pathophysiological outcomes. Presumably, the relationship with, or category of, the separated individual determines the nature of the physiological response. Here, experiments examining the consequences of brief involuntary separation...

Year Published: 1997Animal Type: All/General

Citation: Hennessy, M. B. 1997 . Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal response to brief social separation. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 21 , 11-29.

Environmental enrichment and the conservation of behavior

Discussion of environmental enrichment.

Year Published: 1997Topics: Environmental EnrichmentAnimal Type: All/General

Citation: Markowitz, H. 1997. Environmental enrichment and the conservation of behavior. In: Proceedings on the International Conference on Environmental Enrichment. Holst, B. (ed), 17-23. Copenhagen Zoo, Frederiksberg, DK.

A guide to setting up an enrichment program

General recommendations for the development and implementation of an enrichment program in the zoo setting.

Year Published: 1997Topics: Environmental EnrichmentAnimal Type: All/General

Citation: Koscielny, L., Studer, M. 1997. A guide to setting up an enrichment program. American Zoo and Aquarium Association (AZA) Regional Conference Proceedings, 526-529.

Free food or earned food? A review and fuzzy model of contrafreeloading

Unless they are quite hungry, animals of many species prefer to work for food rather than eat freely available food, a phenomenon known as contrafreeloading. "Animals will work (e.g. lever press) for `earned' food even though identical `free' food can...

Year Published: 1997Animal Type: All/General

Citation: Inglis, I. R., Forkmann, B., Lazarus, J. 1997. Free food or earned food? A review and fuzzy model of contrafreeloading. Animal Behaviour 53, 1171-1191.

Happy animals make good science

There is a growing body of evidence from a wide variety of sources to show that animals whose well-being is compromised are often physiologically and immunologically abnormal and that experiments using them may reach unreliable conclusions. On scientific, as well...

Year Published: 1997Animal Type: All/General

Citation: Poole, T. B. 1997. Happy animals make good science. Laboratory Animals 31, 116-124.